Pollution-free milk production technology

Pollution-free milk refers to the production environment, production process and product quality that meet the requirements of the relevant national standards and regulations. After passing the certification, the company obtains the certification certificate and allows the use of unprocessed or primary processed milk with the symbol of pollution-free agricultural products. Its main characteristics are: milk products do not contain any toxic and harmful substances, no adverse effects on human health; milk products are of good quality; have their own natural flavor and nutritional characteristics; milk production process, no pollution to the environment. The key specific production supporting technologies should grasp the following points.

1. Achieve the scale of milk production

At present, most of China's dairy cow production stays in the family breeding mode. There are few rearing and extensive management, and the milk sources of processing enterprises are scattered and the quality is uneven. It is necessary to change the feeding mode and establish a large-scale, intensive, factory-based dairy production base so as to facilitate the establishment of uniform standards for milk products and to facilitate the extraction and detection of samples.

2. Reasonably choose the site of the dairy farm

The dairy farm production environment must meet the standard requirements for the production of pollution-free agricultural products. First, choose a place with good ecological environment and environmental protection standards. Requires high dry terrain, open terrain, good ventilation; plenty of water, quality of drinking water quality standards, pH 6.8 ~ 7.5, E. coli index ≤ 3 / l, the total number of bacteria 100 / ml; soil texture is appropriate, no pollution Does not contain radioactive, heavy metals (such as mercury, arsenic), pesticides, nitrites and other harmful substances; the atmosphere is clean, the surrounding environment is free of industrial waste "three wastes", domestic garbage pollution. Second, choose a place with good biological safety in a non-epidemic area. Avoid building dairy farms on low-lying areas, where mosquitoes and flies breed.

3. Actively introduce high-yield, high-quality, non-specific pathogens and strong resistance to dairy cows

Dairy farms should actively introduce suitable breeds of dairy cows suitable for local production to improve the dairy cows in this field. When introducing, it should be extensively investigated, introduced and bred according to quarantine requirements, avoided introduction in the epidemic area, and prevented the purchase of pseudo cows such as “oil” and “chicken augmentation”.

4. Reasonably feed pollution-free feed and additives

"Feed safety" or "product safety" is a key factor in the production of pollution-free livestock and poultry products. Regular and non-periodic tests are conducted on dairy cows and fodder, and the silage, ammoniation, alkalization, and other processing methods of straw are vigorously promoted, and "brand-named" feed and additives are promoted. For self-ingredients, raw materials and scientific formulas should be strictly selected and tested by the quality department. The nutrient components and toxic and toxic substances and pathogenic microorganisms can only be used after they meet the safety standards; the use of unlicensed antibiotics, hormones, etc. is prohibited in feeds. Drug additives; good use of antibiotic replacement products can be used with confidence. In order to prevent diseases such as mad cow disease, the use of animal feed such as meat and bone meal and animal oil is strictly prohibited in the feed of dairy cows.

5. Correct medication

Drug residue is an important factor restricting dairy products. Should adhere to the "anti-healing, prevention and control," to ensure that no drugs or less medication. Diseased cows should be isolated and reared separately, scientifically selected, and correctly administered. If conditions permit, drug susceptibility test can be carried out, and high-quality, high-efficiency, residue-free veterinary drugs with strong pertinence can be selected for treatment. During the period of production, fresh milk should be treated separately and used as it is forbidden to be mixed with normal milk. Strict implementation of drug withdrawal period.

6. Scientific feeding management

Nutrition: 1 The dry period should be well fed: “feeding guide method” or “challenge feeding method” can be used to increase the concentrate level in the last 2 to 3 weeks of the dry milk period so as to meet the conditions for postpartum high concentrates. 2 to increase the material concentration: from the early stage of lactation to the peak period, is a key period for high-yield dairy cattle feeding and management, must increase the quality of hay, silage, juicy material. 3 During the lactation period, you need to feed your baby: General roughage feeds freely, and the concentrate feeds 3 times a day. After calving, the fine material should be increased by 0.5 kg to 1 kg per day, and the fine material should not exceed 10 kg. 4 Good feed nutrition regulation: When adjusting the feed, it should be based on nutritional standards, to avoid the use of high-protein feed "prolactin" after milking. 5 The diet is more palatable: the feed requires easy digestion and easy fermentation, pay attention to the proportion of the thickness and nutrition and health care. Practice has shown that the addition of biochemical fulvic acid (DHA powder) 250 g/kg finished product to the dairy cow diet reduces the detection rate of subclinical mastitis by 5% and clinical mastitis by 1.5%. The study found that dry dairy cows are supplemented with vitamin E1000 per day, lactating cows are supplemented with 500 units of vitamin E per day, and all cows are fed diets containing 0.310E-6 selenium, which can reduce mastitis and increase resistance to E. coli. .

Management: 1 pay attention to feeding technology: to regular ration, the number of daily feeding and the number of milking the same, usually 3 times. Each feed should be fed less frequently, from less to more. The conversion of the material type should be carried out gradually. The feeding sequence is usually fine material, juicy material, green feed, silage, hay. 2 to ensure adequate drinking water, pay attention to the health of drinking water. Prevent the water temperature from being too low in winter (10~12°C), increase the number of drinking water in summer (5~6 times), and add appropriate amount of anti-stress substances such as baking soda, salt, and vitamin C in drinking water. 3 Ensure proper exercise. 4 Regular hoof repair, often brushing the body of the cow, and pay attention to heatstroke and cold protection.

7. Improve the disease prevention and control system for dairy cows and establish a biosafety system

First, establish a quarantine system. Workers entering the production area should wear uniforms and be strictly sterilized; off-site vehicles, appliances, etc. must not be allowed to enter the market, and milk must be sold off site. It is forbidden to purchase dairy cows from epidemic areas. Before the introduction, strict quarantine and disinfection must be performed. After purchase, the animals must be isolated and observed for 3 to 4 weeks, and then injected and dewormed. Regular or irregular quarantine of cattle. Second, establish a disinfection system and do a good job in environmental sanitation. Dairy farms should be planned in sections, and disinfection pools should be set up in front of cattle farms, production areas, and entrances and exits of cattle houses. In the pools, liquid medicine should be replaced frequently. Production areas should be regularly cleaned

At present, most of China's dairy cow production stays in the family breeding mode. There are few rearing and extensive management, and the milk sources of processing enterprises are scattered and the quality is uneven. It is necessary to change the feeding mode and establish a large-scale, intensive, factory-based dairy production base so as to facilitate the establishment of uniform standards for milk products and to facilitate the extraction and detection of samples.

2. Reasonably choose the site of the dairy farm

The dairy farm production environment must meet the standard requirements for the production of pollution-free agricultural products. First, choose a place with good ecological environment and environmental protection standards. Requires high dry terrain, open terrain, good ventilation; plenty of water, quality of drinking water quality standards, pH 6.8 ~ 7.5, E. coli index ≤ 3 / l, the total number of bacteria 100 / ml; soil texture is appropriate, no pollution Does not contain radioactive, heavy metals (such as mercury, arsenic), pesticides, nitrites and other harmful substances; the atmosphere is clean, the surrounding environment is free of industrial waste "three wastes", domestic garbage pollution. Second, choose a place with good biological safety in a non-epidemic area. Avoid building dairy farms on low-lying areas, where mosquitoes and flies breed.

3. Actively introduce high-yield, high-quality, non-specific pathogens and strong resistance to dairy cows

Dairy farms should actively introduce suitable breeds of dairy cows suitable for local production to improve the dairy cows in this field. When introducing, it should be extensively investigated, introduced and bred according to quarantine requirements, avoided introduction in the epidemic area, and prevented the purchase of pseudo cows such as “oil” and “chicken augmentation”.

4. Reasonably feed pollution-free feed and additives

"Feed safety" or "product safety" is a key factor in the production of pollution-free livestock and poultry products. Regular and non-periodic tests are conducted on dairy cows and fodder, and the silage, ammoniation, alkalization, and other processing methods of straw are vigorously promoted, and "brand-named" feed and additives are promoted. For self-ingredients, raw materials and scientific formulas should be strictly selected and tested by the quality department. The nutrient components and toxic and toxic substances and pathogenic microorganisms can only be used after they meet the safety standards; the use of unlicensed antibiotics, hormones, etc. is prohibited in feeds. Drug additives; good use of antibiotic replacement products can be used with confidence. In order to prevent diseases such as mad cow disease, the use of animal feed such as meat and bone meal and animal oil is strictly prohibited in the feed of dairy cows.

5. Correct medication

Drug residue is an important factor restricting dairy products. Should adhere to the "anti-healing, prevention and control," to ensure that no drugs or less medication. Diseased cows should be isolated and reared separately, scientifically selected, and correctly administered. If conditions permit, drug susceptibility test can be carried out, and high-quality, high-efficiency, residue-free veterinary drugs with strong pertinence can be selected for treatment. During the period of production, fresh milk should be treated separately and used as it is forbidden to be mixed with normal milk. Strict implementation of drug withdrawal period.

6. Scientific feeding management

Nutrition: 1 The dry period should be well fed: “feeding guide method” or “challenge feeding method” can be used to increase the concentrate level in the last 2 to 3 weeks of the dry milk period so as to meet the conditions for postpartum high concentrates. 2 to increase the material concentration: from the early stage of lactation to the peak period, is a key period for high-yield dairy cattle feeding and management, must increase the quality of hay, silage, juicy material. 3 During the lactation period, you need to feed your baby: General roughage feeds freely, and the concentrate feeds 3 times a day. After calving, the fine material should be increased by 0.5 kg to 1 kg per day, and the fine material should not exceed 10 kg. 4 Good feed nutrition regulation: When adjusting the feed, it should be based on nutritional standards, to avoid the use of high-protein feed "prolactin" after milking. 5 The diet is more palatable: the feed requires easy digestion and easy fermentation, pay attention to the proportion of the thickness and nutrition and health care. Practice has shown that the addition of biochemical fulvic acid (DHA powder) 250 g/kg finished product to the dairy cow diet reduces the detection rate of subclinical mastitis by 5% and clinical mastitis by 1.5%. The study found that dry dairy cows are supplemented with vitamin E1000 per day, lactating cows are supplemented with 500 units of vitamin E per day, and all cows are fed diets containing 0.310E-6 selenium, which can reduce mastitis and increase resistance to E. coli. .

Management: 1 pay attention to feeding technology: to regular ration, the number of daily feeding and the number of milking the same, usually 3 times. Each feed should be fed less frequently, from less to more. The conversion of the material type should be carried out gradually. The feeding sequence is usually fine material, juicy material, green feed, silage, hay. 2 to ensure adequate drinking water, pay attention to the health of drinking water. Prevent the water temperature from being too low in winter (10~12°C), increase the number of drinking water in summer (5~6 times), and add appropriate amount of anti-stress substances such as baking soda, salt, and vitamin C in drinking water. 3 Ensure proper exercise. 4 Regular hoof repair, often brushing the body of the cow, and pay attention to heatstroke and cold protection.

7. Improve the disease prevention and control system for dairy cows and establish a biosafety system

First, establish a quarantine system. Workers entering the production area should wear uniforms and be strictly sterilized; off-site vehicles, appliances, etc. must not be allowed to enter the market, and milk must be sold off site. It is forbidden to purchase dairy cows from epidemic areas. Before the introduction, strict quarantine and disinfection must be performed. After purchase, the animals must be isolated and observed for 3 to 4 weeks, and then injected and dewormed. Regular or irregular quarantine of cattle. Second, establish a disinfection system and do a good job in environmental sanitation. Dairy farms should be planned in sections, and disinfection pools should be set up in front of cattle farms, production areas, and entrances and exits of cattle houses. In the pools, liquid medicine should be replaced frequently. Production areas should be regularly cleaned

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