The anti-heroin drug vaccine passed the preclinical test for the first time and was basically abstinent
As one of the most common and widely-trafficked drug types, heroin is extremely harmful to human physical and mental health. Long-term consumption and injection of heroin can cause personality disintegration, psychological metamorphosis and lifespan to be reduced, especially for nervous system injuries. On June 6, researchers at the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) in Los Angeles, Calif., announced that they have successfully developed a vaccine that blocks the pleasure caused by heroin and has proven effective in non-human primates! Tusk Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) To date, this is the first vaccine to successfully pass the preclinical testing phase for opioids (heroin is a form of opioid). The study was published in the recent issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, in which primate experiments were conducted by researchers at the Virginia Commonwealth University. Professor Kim Janda, who is responsible for the research at the Scripps Research Institute, said: "The results of this experiment are consistent with our previous trial data on rodents, which means our vaccine will be successful in the expected clinical evaluation." The first author and correspondent author of the new study are Paul Bremer (left) and Kim Janda (right) of TSRI. At present, the global abuse of opioids has reached an unprecedented level. In the United States, the number of heroin users has grown rapidly from about 400,000 in 2005 to more than 800,000 in 2015, and the funds used to purchase heroin alone reached $27 billion in 2010. In addition, heroin abuse has also led to the spread of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus), especially in people who use drugs by injection. Although opioids are the most common of all drug deaths, heroin is the most deadly rate of opioids, about twice the fatal rate of such drugs. Figure 丨 heroin molecular structure model The abuse of opioids can indeed be alleviated through strict regulation or by introducing techniques that reduce dependence in the drug manufacturing process. However, heroin and synthetic opioids are manufactured and sold through illegal means, and it is difficult to control them by regulations or techniques. Therefore, turning the focus to the treatment of heroin addicts may be the most effective way at present. Drug intervention therapy is currently the more common treatment of heroin addiction, but the problems caused by this therapy are also obvious, such as the high cost of drug treatment, the side effects caused by drugs, and the possibility of relapse of drug addiction in the future. But what if you change your mind? The vaccine, for two centuries, has been helping humans from all kinds of diseases. Improving human immunity to infectious diseases is also one of the greatest biomedical achievements in human history. The earliest record of using vaccines to reduce the abuse of psychoactive substances dates back to the 1970s. At that time, a morphine-containing hapten conjugate vaccine was injected into the macaque for testing. But shortly after the start of the study, drug interventions such as methadone were developed specifically for the abuse of opioids. It is believed that the effects of drugs will be more direct, and the study of vaccines will not continue. Research on conjugate vaccines was again on the agenda in the 1990s, when it was wanted to solve the dependence on cocaine and nicotine through vaccines. Unfortunately, the human test results of such vaccines have failed, and people have become more skeptical about the effectiveness of vaccines in the treatment of psychoactive substance abuse. Indeed, vaccine therapy faced many problems at the time, such as the hapten design of the loopholes and the uncertainty in the choice of adjuvant drugs. A more serious problem is the lack of rigorous preclinical studies on the development of such vaccines, leading to a number of major problems in efficacy and safety. As a result, research on the treatment of psychoactive substance abuse by vaccine has once again fallen into trouble. Figure | Professor Kim Janda is the head of the study at the Scripps Research Institute However, there is also a group of researchers who believe in the power of the vaccine. After more than 200 years, the vaccine has greatly improved the survival of human beings. Until recently, researchers at the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) in Los Angeles, California, one of the world's largest independent non-profit biomedical research institutes, claimed that the vaccine that blocks heroin-induced pleasure is already in non-human primates. Proof is effective! So how does the vaccine work? Why did the research half a century ago finally finally break through? In fact, the principle is not complicated - the vaccine works by exposing a part of the indicator structure of the heroin molecule to the body's immune system. Through such exposure, the immune system can produce antibodies against heroin and its psychoactive products. The antibodies then neutralize the heroin molecules and prevent them from reaching the brain, thus avoiding the pleasure of drugs. Blocking pleasure is undoubtedly the best way to detoxify. In recent years, heroin has become more and more harmful. Public health leaders in countries around the world have even defined the use of heroin as one of the epidemics. Therefore, if the above vaccine is finally safely used in the human body, this severe phenomenon will be greatly improved. The laboratory of Professor Kim Janda of the Scripps Research Institute is an established laboratory for the development of heroin vaccines. They have spent at least eight years developing a truly effective heroin vaccine. Before the above vaccine was tested on non-human primates, the researchers have tested this candidate vaccine under laboratory conditions and in rodents and proved to be true and effective. For new trials in monkeys, the researchers have redesigned vaccine candidates to bring them closer to heroin, in order to better stimulate the immune system to attack the opioid. The researchers found that four monkeys vaccinated with three doses of the vaccine showed an effective immune response and were able to withstand the different doses of heroin administered later. In addition, this effect is most prominent in the first month after vaccination and can last for more than 8 months. As of now, researchers have not found any side effects of the vaccine. "We believe this vaccine will prove to be safe for humans," Janda said. He pointed out that the vaccine is made up of ingredients that have been approved by the FDA or have passed previous clinical trials, so he believes the entire vaccine is safe for the human body. Interestingly, two of the four primates tested had been vaccinated with the vaccine vaccine seven months before the start of the trial – for a more fundamental pilot study. The researchers found that the two primates responded to the vaccine much more in the second round than in the first round. This suggests that cells that produce antibodies in their bodies can "remember" the vaccine. It is hoped that if this effect exists in humans, then the drug addict will have long-term immunity to heroin! The Scripps Institute is the largest private non-profit research institute in the United States, founded by Ellen Browning Scripps in 1924. Paul Bremer said: "We are really encouraged when we see this vaccine have such a lasting impact in non-human primate models!" To date, this is the first anti-heroin vaccine successfully tested in a primate model. Vaccines against other drugs of abuse have also been directly tested in humans by skipping non-human primate trials, but no trials have been successful. It is well known that heroin and many other opioid analgesics have similar structures. So, does the vaccination of this vaccine cause the body to fight against painkillers such as medical treatment? The researchers pointed out that this candidate vaccine is only for heroin, and does not affect other opioid-based analgesics, drugs used to treat opioid addiction or excessive drugs, and therefore does not lead to barriers to the use of prescription drugs. For now, the next step in this research is to license the vaccine to other companies and then begin a real clinical trial. Relevant experts said that the test brought hope to the withdrawal of drug addiction. 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