Cow herd management
1. Cow herding For profitable production, sufficient cow resources to meet the production needs of calves are as important as the herd management. It should be understood whether cattle and sheep can be fed together. Whether there are surplus crops suitable for cultivation can be used to reduce feed costs for dairy cows. Whether there are surplus pens and feeds for raising post-weaned calves can increase the added value of calves. Most herds start to produce calves in the spring or in the rainy season, because calving at this time can reduce calf feeding costs. Low-cost, high-quality forage allows cows to maximize their potential to feed young animals. There is also the option of calving in the fertile steppe in the fall to offset the additional costs of breeding cows for winter cows through the larger weaning weight of calves. Fall calving often results in the highest gross profit per cow, while the gross profit per unit area of ​​pasture is higher in spring. Many pastures convert autumn calves into spring calving to reduce production costs. 2. Reserve Heifer Management The principle of elimination of yak herds includes the elimination of those debilitating cows who have continued infertility, delaying calving, or being related to old age. The average replacement rate is 16%, and the average life span of the herd is 7 years. Consider purchasing yak from the dairy herd as a reserve heifer. Farmers should purchase 15% to 20% of yak or heifers to choose from. Heifers that prove unfit for colostral cattle can be slaughtered as beef cattle. In most cases, for the best physical condition, the first calf preference should be around 2 years old. However, in calf-fed cows, autumn-born heifers are usually two and a half years old. When the first calving. In both cases, good management is necessary to achieve both mating and postpartum body weight. Heifers are best given calves at the beginning of the puerperal period so that they can make up for the inevitable delays in the second calving. Difficulties are very detrimental to heifers and they should be bred with easy products. Difficulty in giving birth is also the reason for the delay in the second breeding. 3. Feeding management of nursing cows Management during the puerperal period. The goal of feeding and management of nursing herds is to have a higher proportion of cows produce live ticks within 12 weeks or less. The advantages of short puerperal duration are the following three points: First, the feed allocation of dairy herds can be well matched with the nutritional needs of dairy cows, which can save feed costs; second, close monitoring of calving conditions can be provided, and assistance can be provided if necessary. Production, to reduce yak mortality; Finally, calf performance consistent, there are few late-yield calves that are difficult to use. The longer the puerperal period of the general herd is, the obvious feature of the low pregnancy rate. Late-producing cows can be used to mate with bulls shortly before the end of the mating season, and may be difficult to conceive, eventually failing to get pregnant with other cows. The only way for cows with long calving periods is to eliminate late-producing cattle, or to exchange them with spring and autumn calf-bearing herds so that they can keep up with the calving period of the herd. The disadvantage of the latter scheme is that the cows are transferred from one herd to another, but may not resolve the underlying cause of the low pregnancy rate. Cause of pregnancy failure. The main cause of a failed pregnancy in cows is excessive weight loss. In the United Kingdom, for example, the body condition score for many breeders is 0 (wasting) to 5 (overweight) and the appropriate body condition in winter is 2.5, but if the cows feed on high quality feeds and The nutrient intake is high and can be as low as 2 points. The main objective of achieving the necessary body condition during breeding is 3 points in autumn and 2 points in spring when grazing. The time of body condition scoring is mid-pregnancy, but there is still time to regulate feeding and management before giving birth. The body condition scoring method was: 0 points, the spine was very prominent, and the transverse process was obvious, and no fat was detected on the lateral side; 1 point, the spine was still prominent, but the transverse process was not obvious; 2 points, the transverse process could still be felt, but Cover a thin layer of fat; 3 points, the thumb can force to feel the individual transverse process; 4 points, that is, it is difficult to feel the transverse process using force compression; 5 points, due to a thick layer of soft fat and edema around the tail. Sediment, transverse process is completely indistinct. In the middle of the cow's left hip and the last rib, the thumb and forefinger were used to pinch the waist, and the thumb was pushed into the edge of the transverse process of the spine to determine the thickness of the fat. It is advisable to perform the actual measurement before mastering the technique, after which the skilled production worker can give the body condition score by close observation. However, it may be inaccurate for a crossbody with a good body shape. The beef muscles may be thick and may protrude from the transverse processes of the spine, causing errors in the detection or visual inspection results. If this is the case, the body condition score should also be measured by plane ribs. If the score is higher than 3 points in the fall, the cows that produce the fall have the risk of having a difficult birth. If the calving in the spring and the autumn score fall below 3, the allowable winter weight loss will be reduced and raising costs will increase. A spring calving cow with a score of 3 points in the autumn target condition score is allowed to drop by 1 point in winter. On the other hand, autumn calving must be supplemented during the winter for additional breastfeeding, and scores must reach 2.5 points during mid-winter breeding. Therefore, for cows with a body condition score of 3, it is permissible to lose only 0.25 kg/day in the fall until the safety of calving, and at this time the cows should be given abundant feed. Subsequently, the weight loss rate will increase to 0.5 kg/day. Heifers born in the fall are still growing and lactating, and their weight cannot be reduced in the winter.
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