DE cells or associated with type 1 diabetes
DE cells or associated with type 1 diabetes June 13, 2019 Source: Chinese Journal of Science and Technology Recently, US researchers published a paper in the journal Cell, saying that they have confirmed for the first time the existence of the suspected "X-cell", which is a "disorderly hybrid" immune system cell, possibly in the development of type I diabetes. Play a key role. They refer to this unusual lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) as a dual expression (DE) cell. "After our identification, this cell is a hybrid cell between the two main forces of the adaptive immune system (B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes)." One of the authors, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Associate Professor Abdel-Rahim A. Hamad said. Although most experts believe that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, that is, the immune system mistakes normal and healthy beta cells for harm and eliminates them, the underlying mechanism at the cellular level is difficult to determine. "The uniqueness of the 'entity' we found is that it can act as both B-cell and T-cell," Hamad said, which may exacerbate the autoimmune response. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes each have distinct cellular receptors, B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR), which work together to help identify and target antigens, and trigger immune responses. Bacteria, viruses and other alien invaders. After that, the APC moves to a body part, such as a lymph node, where immature B cells and T cells are present. The shape of the TCR on the surface of the T cell coincides with the presented antigen, so T cells can adhere, triggering their maturation to aid or kill T cells. The BCR of immature B cells also matches the shape of the presented antigen, which is then activated by the helper T cells to mature into plasma cells or memory cells. The former can produce antibodies to remove foreign bodies from the body; Lives with the biochemical properties of the antigen in order to respond more quickly to future invading antigens. On the other hand, immature T cells are activated into cytotoxic T cells (also known as killer T cells) upon initial contact with the invading antigen, which directly attacks the invading antigen. However, when B cells and T cells attack normal cells, a "false identity" condition called autoimmune response occurs, and the result can be devastating. For type 1 diabetes, scientists have long believed that the immune system will confuse the enemy with me in some way, with insulin as a target. Thus, the misguided cellular defense forces wage war on beta-cells that secrete insulin in the pancreas, greatly reducing the number of beta cells that can be used and leading to high blood sugar levels characteristic of diabetes. To this end, the researchers used different methods to verify the presence of DE cells and to characterize them. They found that each clone had BCR and TCR, thus demonstrating that the lymphocytes were indeed hybrid cells of B cells and T cells. Perhaps the most interesting part of the "X-cell story" is that researchers found DE lymphocytes and x-Id peptides more frequently in the blood of patients with type 1 diabetes than healthy non-diabetic subjects. "This finding, together with our conclusion that the x-Id peptide activates T cells to initiate attacks on secreted insulin cells, strongly supports the association between DE cells and type 1 diabetes," Hamad said. "Maybe one day, we will also find that DE cells are involved in the pathological processes of other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis." Related paper information: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.007
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