Rice cultivation differs in occurrence of bastard disease

September 21, 2022

Rice bakanae disease can occur from the seedling stage to the heading stage, and there are generally 3 peak incidence periods. The first incidence peak occurred about 15 days after sowing, and the second peak occurred at the peak of rice tillering, and the third peak occurred during the booting period of rice. In the first two peaks, the onset was more severe. Seed-borne seeds were the major source of infection for rice bastard disease, followed by sick rice straw. Bacillus officinalis attaches to the seed surface with conidia or latent in mycelium with the mycelia overwintering. Sowing the diseased valley or covering germination with diseased rice straw can cause seedling disease. At the seedling stage, the diseased seedlings were taller than the healthy seedlings, and the leaves and sheaths were slender, the leaves were pale yellow, and the roots were stunted. Some of the diseased seedlings died shortly before and after transplanting. Conidia are produced on the surface of diseased plants and can spread to the healthy seedlings through wind and rain, invade the wounds, and cause multiple re-infections. However, this re-infection ability is relatively weak, and the possibility of infecting healthy rice seedlings in the field is very small.
Seed soaking before sowing is an effective measure to prevent bastard disease. Applicable drugs include cynomodin, fludioxonil, ethyl allicin, and prochloraz. However, if the dose is too low or the drug concentration is too low, it will lead to a decrease in the control effect and cause bastard disease. Too short to soak seeds for medicinal purposes can also lead to a decrease in control effectiveness. In some areas, rice bakanae pathogens have developed resistance to prochloraz. In these areas, it is better to use cyanogenate, ethyl allicin, and fludioxonil for soaking. During soaking of rice, pathogenic bacteria on diseased seeds can contaminate disease-free seeds. Bacillus mucilaginosus mainly infects buds during germination. At this time, the rice seeds are piled, and the temperature and humidity are suitable. The conidia carried by some rice species germinate in large quantities, not only infecting the original rice seedlings, but also infecting the original pathogens. Contaminated rice seeds have greatly increased the infection rate. Generally, germination is more severe than non-germination. The longer the germination time, the heavier the disease. After soaking the seeds with medicine, it can effectively control bakanae disease without germination or rushing to whitening. Studies have shown that shortening the time for soaking germination also has a significant preventive effect on bastard disease, with direct sowing of dried seeds being the most obvious. Compared with soaking and pregerminating, the direct seeding of dry seeds can control more than 80% of the disease strains of bastard disease.
The occurrence of bastard disease in transplanted and machine-planted paddy fields is relatively heavy, which may be related to improper selection and soaking of seeds, poor seed soaking quality, and long germination time. Dry direct seeding of rice, generally sowing dried seeds, does not germinate, the bacteria infection rate is low, even if there are some bacteria seeds, pathogens generally will not infect the healthy seedlings, and thus the incidence of light or no disease.

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Macrolide antibiotics
It is a kind of weakly basic antibiotics produced or semi synthesized by Streptomyces. It has 14-16 membered cyclolactone structure.
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