Non-polluted Cabbage High-yielding Cultivation Techniques
This article summarizes the technical requirements for the production environment, production techniques, pest control and production files for production of pollution-free food cabbage. 1. Cabbage production requirements The origin of cabbage is required to stay away from “industrial wastes†pollution. The environmental conditions in the production areas must meet the environmental requirements for pollution-free food production areas (NY5010). The place of production must be clean, flat, and convenient in terms of water conservancy. The soil in the plot is loose, fertile, and the soil is deep. The selection of soil is not very strict, but it is suitable for cultivation in clay-rich loam or sandy loam where humus is abundant. 1.1 Temperature The cabbage is resistant to cold and warm, and the optimum growth temperature is 13~20°C. However, it can grow normally at 7~25°C and grows fastest at 15~18°C. The seeds can germinate slowly at 2~3°C, the germination temperature is 18~20°C, the seedlings can tolerate -2~-5°C low temperature, the short leaves of -10°C after the autumn cabbage balls are frozen and can be frozen after warming up. restore. Cabbage ball with 17 ~ 20 °C is the best, the temperature is too high, the quality of the decline, but the heat resistance than the cabbage. 1.2 Moisture Cabbage requires sufficient moisture. Generally, it is best when the air humidity is 80 to 90% and the soil moisture is 70 to 80%. Because the leaves of cabbage are hypertrophic with stomata on both sides and the roots are distributed shallowly. When the soil is dry, the growth is inhibited, the outer leaves are easy to fall off, the stems on the ground are elongated, and the ball is not covered. Especially in the ball stage, the water requirement is more prominent, accounting for about 70% of the total water requirement. 1.3 light Photoperiod: long-day crops, long-term sunshine in the absence of vernalization strong growth, light intensity: light intensity requirements are not high, more shade-resistant. 1.4 Soil and Nutrition The cabbage is adaptable to the soil and suitable for cultivation in neutral and slightly acidic soils. The pollution-free pumpkin planting technology can also tolerate certain salt and alkalinity. Cabbage is a fertilizer that requires fertile soil and high organic matter content. Because of its high output, it is necessary to produce more fertilizer. In the early stage, it is particularly prominent with N. In the later period, it requires more K and P. The general absorption ratio is 3:1:4. 2. Selection of varieties For selection of high-quality, high-yield, and high-resistance varieties, cabbage varieties with high quality, high yield, resistance to pests and diseases, wide adaptability, good commercial properties, and market suitability should be selected. For example, most of the growth period of summer cabbage is in the high temperature and high humidity season in summer and autumn, which is extremely conducive to the spread of diseases and insects. Therefore, it is necessary to select some species with strong disease resistance, heat resistance and high product quality. 3. Fertilize before planting Cabbage needs more potassium in the process of growth and development. Production of 1,000 kg of cabbage requires the absorption of 5 kg of nitrogen (N), 2 kg of phosphorus (P2O5) and 11 kg of potassium (K2O). Therefore, the amount of fertilizer used in the cultivation process It should be based on soil nutrient analysis and analysis results, vegetable crops fertilizer requirements and fertilizer effects, and implement soil testing and formula fertilization. Generally before planting, combined with soil preparation, the mass of decomposed organic fertilizer 3000kg, superphosphate 20kg, urea 10kg, and potassium sulfate 25kg shall be applied in combination with land preparation for fertigation. 4. Cultivation techniques 4.1 Cultivation season Cabbage has strong adaptability, both cold and heat-resistant, can be cultivated in spring, summer and autumn. More than spring and summer nursery, summer harvest. It is cultivated in the open box with a spacing of 1.4-1.5 feet and a density of 2800-3200 lines/mu. 4.2 Nursery Cabbage cultivation are transplanted with seedlings. Seed sowing from late February to early April, transplanted at the end of April to early June, and planted in open hatches. The plant spacing is 1.4-1.5 feet and the density is 2800-3200 plants/mu. Nursery bed preparation: (1) bed soil preparation: use 2 parts of fertile garden soil that have not been planted with cruciferous vegetables in the past 3 years and 1 part of fully roasted sieve fertilizer, and add N:P2O5:K2O for every cubic meter for 15:15 1:5 ternary compound fertilizer 1kg or the corresponding nutrient element fertilizers are mixed until ready for use. Spread the bed into the bed with a thickness of about 10cm. (2) Bed soil disinfection: 50% carbendazim WP and 50% thiram wettable powder in accordance with the ratio of 1:1 ratio of wet coloration of round eggplant, or 25% metalaxyl WP and 70% Mancozeb WP can be mixed in a ratio of 9:1, mixed with 8g~10g per square meter of medication and 4kg~5kg of sieving fine soil, two thirds of the seeds are planted on the bed surface, and one third is covered on the seeds. on. 4.3 Colonization and Density Since cabbage and roots begin to move at temperatures above 5°C, spring cabbage can be planted when the average daily temperature is above 6C. Proper close planting is one of the important technical measures to increase production. The appropriate nutrient area for cabbage should be based on the variety and length of growth period. The number of rows per plant and the spacing between rows of plants is roughly as follows: Early maturing varieties: 33-40cm square, 4000-6000 per mu; medium maturing varieties: 45-50cm square, per acre 2500-3000 strains; Late maturing varieties: 60-65cm square, each prepared 1500-1800 strains. 4.4 fertilizer management After cabbage is planted, it is necessary to pour seedlings. At this time, due to the low temperature, timely cultivating loose soil after watering, in order to facilitate the conservation of earthworms and increase the temperature, and promote the recovery and growth of the root system. Into the rosette period, the plants must form strong assimilation organs and absorb more water and fertilizer. The first application of fertilizer can be carried out. Apply 15-20kg of nitrogen fertilizer per acre, and fully supply water to promote leaf ball growth. After the ball is formed, watering should be controlled to prevent cracking and facilitate storage. 5. Pest control 5.1 Pest Control Principles Implement the plant protection policy of “prevention as the mainstay and comprehensive prevention and controlâ€, select resistant varieties, cultivate strong seedlings, strengthen cultivation and management, apply scientific fertilization, and improve and optimize the ecological system of vegetable fields; give priority to agricultural control, physical control, biological control, and cooperation The scientific and rational use of chemical prevention and control will control the pests of cabbage cabbage below the allowable range and achieve the purpose of producing safe, high-quality and unharmed cabbage. 5.2 Physical Control 5.2.1 Set up yellow traps to kill locusts With 100cm20cm yellow plate, according to the density of 30 ~ 40 blocks / 667m2, hung between rows or between plants, higher than the top of the plant, trap and kill aphids, generally 7d ~ 10d recoated with oil. 5.2.2 Use black light traps to kill pests. 5.3 Chemical Control 5.3.1 Cabbage black rot Symptoms: Harmful to leaves and leaves. Waterlogged seedlings form on the diseased cotyledon at the seedling stage. Afterwards, they spread to the true leaves. Black spots or fine black bars appear on the veins of the true leaves. V-shaped lesions appear on the leaf margins. Plants usually start from the lower leaves and form leaf spots or yellow veins. The leaf spot expands from the leaf margin to the "V" shape in the leaf, and the necrosis expands, yellow-brown. The pathogen spreads to the stem and roots to form black mesh veins. Causes wilting and death of plants. Control methods: In addition to defoliation, timely sowing; Reasonable irrigation, to prevent injury to the wounded leaves, is the seed disinfection, soaking with warm water at 50 °C for 20 minutes -30 minutes, remove the seeds after soaking or germination sowing; or with 50% Solanamine 200 times solution soaking for 15 minutes, washed and dried sowing; also available streptomycin 1000 times; chlortetracycline 1000 times soaking 2 hours; or 0.4% thiram seed dressing. Chemical control, at the beginning of the disease, spray with 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture; antibacterial agent “401†0.5 kg plus water 300 kg spray; 45% metesamine 800 times spray; streptomycin sulfate or agricultural streptomycin 4000 times spray Neophytin or chloramphenicol 4000 times; 65% dexamethasone wettable powder 600 times; 50% thiram 500 times; 50% thiophanate 500 times; 50% diazepine 500 Times; 50% carbendazim 600-1000 times, 75% chlorothalonil 600-800 times. The above agents are sprayed in time after onset, sprayed once every 7 days and 10 days, and sprayed continuously for 3-4 times. 5.3.2 Cabbage soft rot Symptoms: After the cabbage is wrapped, water-soaked soft rot occurs in the base of the stem or in the cabbage. After the plant is brown, the outer leaves wilted and fall off leaving the leaves exposed. Control methods: First, turn sun soil. Before planting, deep plow soil layer is 18 cm to 20 cm, pay attention to drainage in rainy season, implement furrow irrigation, do not flood irrigation, do not water on cloudy days and at noon, and rotate with onion and garlic crops. The second is the control of vector-borne insects. The third is to remove the diseased plant. The diseased point is disinfected with lime. Fourth, chemical control. Spraying should pay attention to spraying the petiole and rhizome close to the ground, commonly used the following agents, with 50% Daisin ammonium water agent 800 times, spray once every 7 days -10 days, continuous spray 2 times -3 times; Streptomyces Or chloramphenicol 4000 times liquid; antibacterial agent "401" 500 times -600 times liquid; enemy Ke Song original powder 250 times -500 times liquid spray hole or spray. 6. timely harvest According to the growing conditions of cabbage and the needs of the market, the market is gradually harvested. When the ball size is fixed, the compactness can reach 80% when harvested. Before the launch of the market, a 500-fold solution of high-fat lipid film can be sprayed to prevent dehydration and wilting of leaves and affect economic value. At the same time, it should go to the leaves of its yellow leaves or pest spots, and then according to the size of the ball grading packaging. 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