What is the difference between grafting, hybridization and genetic modification? Differentiation and Analysis of Three Concepts of Grafting, Hybridization and Genetic Transformation
What is the difference between grafting, hybridization and genetic modification? What are the specific differences between grafting, hybridization and genetic modification? What is the difference? Excellent varieties have an irreplaceable role in improving crop yield and improving crop quality. Among the traditional agricultural crop breeding and breeding, the most mature and widely used methods are grafting and hybridization. Genetically modified breeding is a natural extension of traditional breeding techniques. 1 grafting Grafting is carried out by using the callus function of the plant after injury. A branch or bud of a plant (called a scion) is inserted into the stem or root of another plant (called a rootstock or a tree), two parts. Growing into a complete plant. Grafting is a form of asexual reproduction. It is like a prosthetic limb. It is a surgical operation. It does not involve the reorganization and alteration of the heritage material (ie, the gene). The improvement of crop quality is only achieved through the nutrient organization of the rootstock, the fruit of the scion. And the genes of the seeds themselves will not change. Everything is the original species. The watermelon or watermelon is not much different from the watermelon without grafting. Grafting methods of reproduction can improve plant yield and quality, increase plant disease resistance and increase economic value. For example, the watermelon is grafted onto the pumpkin. The root of the pumpkin is strong, and the water absorption and absorption capacity is strong. After the grafting, the watermelon grows vigorously, the yield increases, and the watermelon wilt can be well prevented. For example, the ordinary Metasequoia has a lower value, and the economic value is increased by more than 20 times after being cultivated into a gold leaf metasequoia by grafting; the ordinary big-leaf female eucalyptus is cultivated into a colored leaf eucalyptus tree by grafting, and its economic value is improved. hundred times. Common graft crops include apples in sand fruit, pears in Du pear or Qiuzi pear, persimmon in black dates, and walnuts in walnuts. 2 hybrid Hybridization is two plants with close kinship. Through natural or artificial pollination, they are selected and cultivated to form the next generation, thus producing new varieties. Hybridization occurs mostly between the same species, homologous or homologous species with close kinship, and is widespread in nature. Hybridization does not produce new genes. The key to cross-breeding is the combination of genotypes in different paternal and maternal gametes. Natural or artificial methods are used to introduce foreign genes into recipient species, and sexual reproduction allows parents to Gene recombination. Hybridization can combine the excellent genes that control the different traits of the parents, resulting in superior genes superior to the parental type. Crossbreeding is a good finding among a bunch of hybrid products. It has great randomness and uncontrollability. It takes a lot of time and energy for the breeding workers. Experience and luck also play a big role in determining, for example, Yuan Longping. Mr. Hybrid Rice. Hybridization is divided into distant hybridization and close relative hybridization. Hybridization is generally a hybridization within the same species (hybridization between two or more species), which can produce fertile offspring, such as hybrid rice, its male parent and female parent. All of them are rice. If the male parent has high yield and the female parent is resistant to lodging, it is necessary to screen out the rice with high lodging resistance and high yield in countless hybrid progeny. As another example, hybrid corn is more robust than its parents, with higher yields and larger seeds. Distant hybridization is a cross between species of different species, genus, and even distant relationships. There are many examples of naturally occurring and artificially obtained distant hybrids. For example, the apple pear in the northeast is a natural hybrid of Qiuzi pear and sand pear. It has the characteristics of good quality, high yield and cold resistance. Fujian naphthalene is shaped like peach, but fruit. The surface is not velvety, the meat is like plum, and the quality is good. It may be a natural hybrid between the species of plum and peach. Interspecific hybridization includes common wheat × durum wheat, upland cotton × sea island cotton, etc., and intergeneric hybrids include corn × sorghum, common wheat × goat grass. At present, China has successfully cultivated corn, corn and wheat through distant double hybridization, which has stronger disease resistance and lodging resistance, and fills the domestic gap. 3 transgenic Transgenic is also a way of cross-breeding. More precisely, it is called molecular cross-breeding. It is a more accurate and efficient method of artificially taking out a good trait gene of a living organism and crossing it with another desired production variety. More targeted directional hybrid breeding techniques. Conventional hybridization technology transfers a lot of genes, and transgenes transfer a certain gene very accurately. Just like rice, hybridization puts a bag of rice into another bag, and the transgenic is picking a grain of rice from the rice bag. And then loading it into one of the other bags is a more accurate transfer. The most common transgenic phenomenon in nature is that trees grow tumors. Tree tumors are usually caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the soil infecting plants and transferring the genes of the bacteria to plants. Agrobacterium is a Gram-negative bacterium that is ubiquitous in the soil. It can chemoatically infect the injured part of most dicots under natural conditions and insert a piece of T-DNA into the plant gene. Medium, and induce plants to produce crown tumors or hairy roots, Agrobacterium is a natural plant genetic transformation system. The target gene fragment of the transgenic breeding can be derived from a specific organism genome, or can be a DNA fragment artificially synthesized into a specified sequence. The DNA fragment is transferred to a specific organism, recombined with its own genome, and then artificially selected from the recombinant for several generations, thereby obtaining an individual having a hereditary trait with stable performance characteristics. Transgenic breeding allows recombinant organisms to exhibit new traits that are expected to produce new varieties. Excellent genetically modified crops can increase crop yield, improve crop quality, and improve crop resistance to pests, herbicides, stress, and other excellent properties. The use of transgenic technology to cultivate new varieties with high yield, high quality, multi-resistance and high efficiency can effectively reduce the input of pesticides and fertilizers, and play an important role in alleviating resource constraints, protecting the ecological environment, improving product quality and expanding agricultural functions. At present, only GM and papaya, which are approved for production and marketing by the Chinese government, are cotton, soybean, corn and canola. Since the launch of the National “863 Program†in 1986, modern biotechnology has developed rapidly in China, and more and more GM technologies have been applied to modern agricultural breeding systems. A large number of important application values ​​include high yield, stress resistance, and high quality. Functional genes for agronomic traits have been cloned. Now everyone knows how to distinguish between grafting, hybridization and genetic modification. For more relevant agricultural knowledge, please continue to pay attention to Hui Nongwang! Xos Syrup,Xylo-Oligosaccharides Food,Xos Prebiotic Qingdao Bailong Huichuang Bio-tech Co., Ltd. , https://www.sdblcycn.com
